请高中英语老师或语法好的来解答：

1. 请高中英语老师或语法好的来解答：

选A。
句子意思：
他对你或对被付给报酬所出售的商品不感兴趣。
关键信息：
时态信息：shows,or(选择关系)，属于并列结构范围，两部分要用一致的时态，排除B,C；
语义和语态信息：
【he】和【pay to sell】的关系是【他被付给报酬销售货物】，即被动关系，排除B,D。
因此，答案只能选A。
 
祝你开心如意！

2. 高中英语，语法，求讲解。

答案：33C情态动词 根据意思选的 因为后半句是否则 他们将会被拒绝。 
34D 这里是由where引导的非限定性定语从句 指代的是亚洲
   35B 这句话的主干是every minute will d good to ...
  36B  主语从句 由that引导的 因为不缺少成分
37C  表语从句
 38B 这是宾语从句 由and连接的
只有五分钟打字速度有限  所以解释不够详细 希望有帮助

3. 高中英语语法详细讲解

一：非谓语：（1）形式有三种：动词不定式，动名词，分词。
动词不定式相当于名词，形容词，副词，可做主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，状语（即谓语以外的所有句子成分）；动名词相当于名词，可做主语，宾语，表语，定语；分词相当于形容词，副词，可做宾补，表语，定语，状语；
（2）语态：若逻辑主语是动作的发出者，则用主动；若逻辑主语是动作的承受者，则用被动；若逻辑主语既不是动作的发出者也不是承受者，则：动词不定式用独立结构
                                              动名词用复合结构
                                              分词用独立主格结构
举例：A）动词不定式作主语：To finish my homework is my job.
                     宾语：I want to have a wise brain.
                     宾补：I want you to attend the meeting.
                     表语：You job is to earn money.
                     定语：He is to go to college.
                     状语：I get up early in order to recite the poem.
                                     独立结构：To tell you the turth,I am a student.
注意：1:有些宾语的不定式有自己的补语，则应用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置，如：I think it important to study English well.
      2:不定式一般不做介词的宾语，除在极少数介词后才行（如but,except），此时动词不定式可带to也可不带to，如：He seldom comes except (to)see my daughter.
   B)动名词做主语：Reading is my habbit.
            宾语：The old need looking after.
            表语：I am reading.
            定语：He was looking the hanging picture.
            复合结构：Alan's illness accounts for his coming late for school.
注意：1：一些特殊句式，如It is no good(no use,fun,a wast of time)+doing 
                                            There is no.....+doing 
          2:动名词复合结构的一般规则是：逻辑主语是有生命的名词，作主语时，须用名词的所有格形式或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
   C）：分词作宾补：I mind your somking.
              表语：The news is encouraging./The glass is broken.
              定语：This is a reading room./The book written by him is interesting.
              状语：Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful.
二：虚拟语气：
A):在条件从句中：
 1):表示与事实相反   条件从句的谓语形式                          主句的谓语形式
   表示现在情况     if+主语+did                                  should/would/could/might+do
   表示过去情况     if+主语+had done                                should/would/could/might+have done
   表示将来情况     if+主语+were to do                                      should/would/could/might+do
                    if+主语+should do
                                        if+主语+did 
  2):在省略if的条件从句中，从句有were,should,had时，可省略if，而把它们置于主语之前，如：
If I had had time, I would have made an appointment with you.变成Had I have time,I would have an appointment with you.
  3):介词without引导的短语可用来代替if引导的虚拟条件从句，如:If there were no water,fish couldn't live.
可由Without water,fish couldn't live.来代替。 
 4）：错综时间的条件从句，主句和从句的谓语动词要依照设定的时间而定。如：If you had studied hard at that time,you would do it easily now.
B);在宾语从句中
1）：在一些表示“坚持，命令，要求，建议”的词（如insist,command,order,require,request,desire,demand,advise,suggest,propose)后面接的宾语从句用should do,should可省略。
2):wish引导的宾语从句有三种情况： 
                               1，现在：用过去式；
                               2，过去：用过去完成时；
                               3，将来：用（would/could)+do。
3）：在would rather引导的宾语从句中
当从句表示现在或将来的时间时，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示过去的时间时，谓语动词要用过去完成时。
C）：在主语从句中 
在句型“It is strange/necessary/natural/important/right/pity/sorry+that......”中，that后面从句的谓语动词用：should do。注意：有些过去分词可以当形容词使用，在主语从句中要用虚拟语气，如It is ordered/commanded/required/advised/suggested that we/you /he/ she(should）+do .
D)：在表语从句中
主句的主语常是表示说话人的命令，要求，建议，愿望等的名词（如order,command,requirement,demand,advise,suggestion,wish,desire),表语从句的谓语动词用（should)+do.如:Our suggestion is that you (should）be there on time.
E）：在同位语从句中
同位语从句的先行词常是说话人愿望，建议，要求，命令等的名词。如：We put up with our suggestion that you (should) be there on time.
F):在as if从句中
1）：在as if从句中，常用虚拟语气，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式。
2）：当不接虚拟语气时，表示可能或真实的情形。如：It looks as if it is going to rain.
3）：虚拟语气中的几个特例
1，if only 意为：若是……那该多好啊;真希望……；只要，只要……就好了，如:If only I could fly.
2，It's(high)time that……that从句要用虚拟语气：谓语动词用过去式或should do 。如：It's high time that we should go.
3，一些短语，如：but for(要不是），without,otherwise（否则），in that case(如果那样的话），表示含蓄的条件，这是主句要用虚拟语气。如：Without your help,I couldn't finish it on time.
三：倒装句
A):完全倒装：谓语的全部放在主句之前。（此结构常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时）
1)用在there be结构中，此外，在此结构中可用来代替be的动词有exist,seem,happen,appear,hve,rise,stand等。如：There are many students in my classroom.
2):表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如now,then,here,there,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首时，为使生动地描述情景而采用倒装语序，谓语动词常用动语come,go,be,lie,run,rush等。如：Now comes your turn.
注意：当代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。如:Here it is.
3):当句首为表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。如：From the valley came a frightening sound.
4):为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，表语置于句首时，倒装结构为：表语+连系动词+主语
1，“形容词+连系动词+主语”如:Present at the meeting were my sister.
2,“过去分词+连系动词+主语”如：Gone are the days when we were poor.
3,“介词短语+be+主语”如：Among the goods are flowers and toys.
B):部分倒装：只把系动词、助动词、情态动词放在主句之前。
1):在疑问句中，如：Can you speak English?
2):用于“never,hardly,seldom,scarely,rarely,barely,little,often,at no time(决不），by no means(绝不），under no circumstances(在任何一种情况下都不),in no case(绝不），in no way(决不）”等含有豆丁意义的副词或连词在句首的句型中。如:Little did he care about his own safety.
3):用于“no sooner....than....,hardly.....when.....,和not until....,not only....but alsol....,neither....nor”的句型中，主句部分用部分倒装。如:Not until the children fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
4):"only+状语"置于句首是要进行部分倒装，状语包括副词，介词短语和状语从句。如：Only then did he realise the importance of English.
5):用于“so/such....that"句型，so/such置于句首时，要部分倒装。如：So fast did he run that I couldn't catch up with him.
6):用于“形容词（或名词，动词）+as (though)"引导的让步状语从句中。如：
Try as you would, you might fail again.
Beautiful as she is,she isn't clever.
Child as he is ,he knows a lot.
7）：用于省略if 的条件状语从句中，把助动词were,had,should提到主语前面。

4. 高一英语语法

下列四种情况须用it 作形式宾语：
 ① 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）；
 e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese.
 （他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。）
 I don’t feel it difficult to understand the Special English. 
 （我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。）
 He makes it a rule never to borrow money. 
 （他立志决不向别人借钱。）
 I think it no need talking about it with them. 
 （我认为没必要跟他们谈。）
 ② 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句；
 e.g. I don’t like it that he’s so lazy. 
 （我不喜欢他那么懒惰。）
 I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. 
 （我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。）
 ③ that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语；
 e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you.
 （尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。）
 Would you see to it that she gets home early? 
 （你负责保证她早到家，好吗？）
 He insisted on it that he was innocent. 
 （他坚持说自己是无辜的。）
 ④ 由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，须借用it。
 e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.
 （我让你自己判断这事是否该做。）
 We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident.
 （多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。）
 
总结一下就是think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose，like, enjoy, love, hate，depend on ，see to ，insist on， leave it to ，owe it to ，还有一个appreciate经常考到

5. 高一英语语法

what和 that都可以引导主语从句，都可以置于句首，但that引导的主语从句可以用形式主语it代替，而what引导的主语从句则不能。除此之外，它们都可以互相替代吗？请观察下列句子并选择正确选项： 

  (A) ________ the moon travels round the earth once every month is known to everyone. 

  A. It B. What C. That D. As 

  (B) ________ we need is more time. 

  A. It B. What C. That D. As 

  句(A) 的正确选项为C。that 引导主语从句时，在主语从句中无任何意义，也不充当任何成分，只是起连接作用，通常不省略。又如： 

  That she was chosen makes us very happy.→ 

  It makes us very happy that she was chosen. 

  她被选上使我们很高兴。 

  That he would take the risk is true.→ 

  It is true that he would take the risk. 

  他会冒险是真的。 

  句(B)的正确选项为B。what 引导主语从句时, 在主语从句中充当一定的句子成分，可作主语、宾语、表语，通常不能省略。又如： 

  What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我们无法得到的(东西)似乎比我们所得到的(东西)更好。 

  What surprised me most was that she came to see me that day. 使我最惊讶的是那天她来看我。

6. 高一英语语法

高一语法(一) 定语从句
定义:★在复合句中用来修饰名词或代词(这个名词或代词在英语中叫先行词)的从句叫定语从句.
定语从句常见的引导词是:that, which who, whom, whose, when, where, why
及.as九个
定语从句必须从 ①先行词,②成份 ,③引导词 三要素着手
引导词在定语从句作宾语时可以省略
★ what不能引导定语从句 / sth that =what all that =what 
当第一要素"先行词"是指代物的名词或代词时,其后的定语从句的引导词用that 或which在定语从句中作主语或宾语
e.g. A plane is a machine (that / which can fly.) 
物 ↘ 作从句中的主语 
The noodles (that / which I cooked )were delicious.
物 ↘ 作从句中的宾语(可省略)
当第一要素先行词是指代人的名词或代词时,用that 或 who在定语从句中作主语,用that /who/whom 在定语从句中代替宾语
e.g. The foreigner( that/who visited our school yesterday) is from Canada.
↘作从句中的主语
The girl (that/who/whom you saw yesterday) is Jim's sister.
↘作从句中的宾语(可以省略)
关于定语从句中可以作介词宾语的引导词
只有引导词which ,whom才可在定语从句中直接跟在某一介词的后面作宾语.
e.g. The athlete( to whom you talked) is a famous runner.
↘介词 ↘只用whom不用who 代人athlete
This is the room( in (介词) which he lived 3 years ago.) (其中in which 可以用where换,)
★但介词也可留在原词组中,上句也可如下表示:
The athlete (that/who/whom you talked to )is a famous runner.
This is a room (that/which he lived in 3 years ago.)
注:常见的不可分拆的词组有:take care of , look after, look for, catch up with, keep up with
look out for ,catch sight of etc.
当第一要素先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,在定语从句中修饰别的名词时都用whose 来代替人或物,意为"他(们)的,或它(们)的"在从句中作定语.
e.g. This is a door (whose color is brown).
↘代替了"门的 "修饰color 在从句中作定语
Harry is the boy( whose mother is our maths teacher.)
/ Harry is the boy, the mother of whom is our maths teacher .
↘ 代替"男孩的" 修饰mother 在从句中作定语
/Harry is the boy ,of whom the mother is our maths teacher.
稍难例句
The child was saved by a man ,the name of whom/whose name/of whom the name was unknown.
There are 54 students in our class, 25 of whom are girls /相当于 of whom 25 are girls.
The Greens have two daughters, both of whom /of whom both are college students. 
The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days./ /相当于/the sailing time of which was226days
或 226days of which was the sailing time./
注意以下句子: (多样化例句)
The beggar has no money with which he can buy food . 
/The beggar has no money which /that he can buy food with .
The beggar has no money with which to buy food.( 引导词后直接跟了不定式短语)
/The beggar has no money to buy food with 
The peasants built some stores in which to store their grain. (可以模仿以上例句举一反三)
★在有些定语从句中常只能用that引导定语从句,而不能用who/whom/which与它互换.
当第一要素先行词中既有人又有物时
e.g. I still remember the school and the teachers (that he mentioned yesterday.)
当第一要素先行词是指物的不定代词 如anything , all , everything, much, something. (sth that =what all that =what)
e.g. All (that /can be done) has been done(能做的一切都做了)
/What can be done has been done
I can do all (that )/what I can║ to help you.
that可省因为它在定语从句中作宾语
Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be
/Jack is no longer what he used to be .
Shanghai is no loner what it used to be 
/Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. .
当第一要素先行词中带有the only, the very 修饰物时
e.g. He was the only person( that knew about the secret.)
4. 当第一要素先行词中有序数词或形容词的最高级时
e.g. This is the first book〔 (that) I have bought.〕
This is the best film (that )I have ever seen 
5. 以疑问词who, which 开头的疑问句为避免重复
Who is the boy( that is talking to our headmaster )
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this 
一般只能用who的搭配anyone who , he who, anybody who, 
Anyone who /He who /Whoever doesn't reach the great wall is not a true man.
★ 注意下句的先行词和主句的谓语单复数
He is the only one of the teachers who /that knows French in our school. 
He is one of the teachers who/that know French in our school.
当第一要素先行词是指时间的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用when,在定语从句中作时间状语.
e.g. I still remember the day ( when I first came to Beijing.)
↘表时间的名词 ↘作从句中的状语"在那天"
当第一要素先行词是指地点的名词时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用where在定语从句中作地点状语.
e.g. The factory (where his father works )is in the west of the city.
↘表地点的名词 ↘作从句中状语"在那家工厂"
★ ★ case ,point situation ,scene 等是表示地点的抽象名词,其后的定语从句常常用where引导
当第一要素先行词是reason 时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用why (the reason why) 在定语从句中作原因状语.
e.g. There are several reasons( why we can't do that).
★**但并非看到先行词是指时间或地点的名词及reason 时,就马上用引导词when ,where or why ,要看在定语从句中缺少了什么成份,如果第一要素"先行词"的确是时间或地点的名词及reason,就立刻分析第二要素"成份",如果定语从句中缺少了成份主语或宾语,这时只能把先行词第一要素时间或地点的名词及reason,看作指物的名词,然后选择第三要素"引导词"用that/which 而不能如例句"五,六, 七"中用when ,where, or why .
e.g. I still remember the day (that/which we spent (度过) together ) last summer.
↘表时间的名词 ↘在定语从句中作spent的宾语故不用when 
The factory (that / which we visited last week) is my father's.
↘表地点的名词 ↘ 在定语从句中作visit 的宾语,故不用where
The reason (that /which was given by him) was right.
↘表原因 ↘在定语从句中作主语,故不用why
***还要注意典句 The reason is that ………是表语从句
eg. The reason is that he has difficulty in learning English . 
The reason (why he is late for school) is that he missed the early train. 
**************************************
**************************************
★★以上所举例子全部为限制性定语从句,主从句之间无逗号分开,因此,如果主从句之间有逗号隔开,后面的从句即被称为非限制性定语从句.引导词that是永远不会出现在非限制性定语从句中.
e.g. Dinner starts with a small fish, which (不用that) is called a starter .
Yesterday I met LiPing , who(不用that) look very tired. 
十.引导词As 引导的定语从句常在such ….as, the same …as , as…as结构中 ,as在定语从句作主语或宾语.
Such a boy (as you referred to just now) is too curious.
I have the same reference book ( as was described in the lecture .)
I have as many books〔 as you (have) 〕
区别下列两组句子.
This is the same book( as he bought yesterday .) ( 同一种书)
This is the same book( that he bought yesterday.)( 同一本书)
He is such a lovely boy as we all like. (定语从句中作like 的 宾语)
He is such a lovely boy that we all like him.( 结果状语从句 
十一,★ As 也可以引导非限制性定语从句. 但要区别which引导非限制性定语从句.
As 引导非限制性定语从句,可以放在句首,或句中, 谓语常是 expect, know, hope , realize ,see, understand
Eg. He stands out of the crowd in music, as everybody can see.
= As everybody can see, he stands out of the crowd in music
2. As 引导非限制性定语从句,不用于否定句.而which可以.
Eg. He took the first place, which we didn't expect.
which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在句中,且主从句之间常有因果关系.
Eg. You saved my life, which I will never forget.
↘ 因 ↘果
十 二,★注意先行词way ,time后的定语从句
当先行词是way意为"方式, 方法"时,引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which/that / 不填 he said it.
注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较
The way in which/that /不填 he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解.
The way ( that /which /不填 ) (he explained ∧to us was quite simple.(作explained的宾语)
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单.
先行词是time时,若time 是"次数"时, 应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作"一段时间"讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句.如:
This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.(表第几次时,必须用完成时)
I could hardly remember how many times (that) I've failed.
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
Attributive clauses 定语从句 综合一练)(2007/9/20)
★定语从句的补充说明:
Which仅表示"这件事,这(个/点)"等,相当于and that 或and this;
as 表示"正如/正象/这一点..."等as常引导肯定的非限制性定语从句.
否定的非限制性定语从句则用which.
在下列一些固定结构中,用as不用which:
As we (all) know, as is well known, (众所周知)as we (all) can see, as you say,
as is said/mentioned above, as you may have heard, as you may remember,
as is often the case,(情况经常如此) as often happens 等.
★注意以下例句:
Eg: 1. He failed to keep his promise , which
disappointed me
and that
2.He has a lot of magazines ,some of which 
are about sports.
and some of them
3.There are fifty students in the class ,three-fifths of whom 
are girls.
and three-fifths of them
★如何区别定语从句和强调句
1. 强调句型 It is +被强调部分(人)that/who+其他……
强调句型 It is +被强调部分(物)that …+其他
当强调名词时,注意勿与定语从句混淆.如
★It was in the company that my father worked in for ten years.(定语从句) 
that /which my father worked for ten years.(强调句)
★----where did you have the shampoo 
----- It was in the barber's shop (that /which you recommended to me. (定语从句) )(that I had the shampoo.) (强调句)(此句常常省略的)
that I had a shampoo and set. (强调句)
It /this is the first time that I have visited Scotland. (定语从句)
★
It was for the first time that I visited Scotland. (强调句)
这些定语从句中,that在从句部分担当成分.如果去掉it is ….that ….,句子结构就不完整了.而在强调句中,如果去掉it is ….that/who …这个架子.,只需要把语序稍加调整,句子结构仍是完整的.
★★特别注意难句
带有定语从句的强调句型"It is +被强调的名词+修饰该名词的定语从句+that/who引导的强调句+其他部分".如
It was in that barber's shop( which/ that was managed by Coney)that I met the pop star.
It is always the mouth( which talks too much ) that causes troubles.
It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader.
------When did he have a traffic accident 
-----It was in 2005 when he was in college. that he had a traffic accident (此句常常省略的)

7. 高一英语语法

一． 一般现在时
1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等
例如：I am a girl.
2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作
例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 标志性的词语
Always often sometimes   now and then 
4. 若助于为第三人称单数（he she it）则动词要用单三现
二． 现在进行时
1． 说话时正在进行的动作
例如：I am reading.
2.表示即将发生的动作，多用于go  come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中，句子中常常有时间状语
例如：The plane is going to Beijing.
3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如：I am always thinking of you.
三． 倍数比较
1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如：The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系动词+倍数词+adj\adv的比较级+than+B
例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系动词+倍数词+the size\amount(数量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如：The class is twice the size of that class.
四． With的复合结构
1． With+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语，如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等，with在复合结构中常作状语
2.常用结构
○1with+宾语+doing
表主动与进行
例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+宾语+done
表被动与完成
例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+宾语+to do
表将来
例如：With so many thing to deal with.
五． 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时
1．基本表达式（I have been doing ） 
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth. 
he/ she/ it has been doing sth. 
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去） 
I have been learning English since three years ago. 
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去） 
3．表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 
We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 
我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等) 
4．有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。 
例如：They have been living in this city for ten years. 
They have lived in this city for ten years. 
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。 
I have been working here for five years. 
I have worked here for five years. 
我在这里已经工作五年了。 
5．大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。 
例如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去） 
我一直在写一本书。 
I have written a book.（动作已经完成） 
我已经写了一本书。 
They have been building a bridge. 
他们一直在造一座桥。 
They have built a bridge. 
他们造了一座桥。 
6．表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 
例如：I have known him for years. 
我认识他已经好几年了。 
I have been knowing... 
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢， hate讨厌，等。 
注意：比较过去时与现在完成时
1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 
2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 
一般过去时的时间状语: 
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 
共同的时间状语: 
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 
现在完成时的时间状语 
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 
不确定的时间状语 
3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 
例如： I saw this film yesterday. 
（强调看的动作发生过了。） 
I have seen this film. 
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） 
Why did you get up so early? 
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。） 
Who hasn't handed in his paper? 
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） 
She has returned from Paris. 
她已从巴黎回来了。 
She returned yesterday. 
她是昨天回来了。 
He has been in the League for three years. 
(在团内的状态可延续) 
He has been a League member for three years. 
(是团员的状态可持续) 
He joined the League three years ago. 
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) 
I have finished my homework now. 
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? 
---He's already been sent for. 
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 
六．过去完成时
1． 概念：表示过去的过去 
其构成是had +过去分词构成。 
那时以前 那时 现在 
2． 用法 
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 
She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 
b. 状语从句 
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" 
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 
3．过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 
例如：He said that he had learned some English before. 
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 
七．现在完成进行时
1．其构成形式如下： 
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词 
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下： 
2． 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如： 
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard. 
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 
3．表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如： 
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下) 
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently. 
4． 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如： 
She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 
5． 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如： 
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. 
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it. 
注意： 
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。
如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好. 
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。 
6．否定句构成： 
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词 
7．一般疑问句构成: 
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他

8. 高一英语语法

—I promise her daughter(        )get a nice present on her birthday
—Will it be a big surprise to her？
A should    B shall    C must    Dwould
顺便解释一下 谢谢
答：B
译：我承诺她女儿过生日时会得到一件好礼物。
    会对她是一个大大的惊喜吗？
析：这题考情态动词。shall 表示“许诺”的用法。
评：这其实是一个陷井题。读题时很不理解，为什么promise要用一般现在时,以为是打字错误，后网络一搜索，发现全是这样，后来明白，出题者故意的。如果用一般过去时，则从句用would很正常了：《Longman》字典上就有这样的例句：They promised that the work would all be finished next week.  大家都会选D，（楼上两位很有可能就是自动将promise改成promised 了）而且是对的，出题者的目的就达不到了，所以不惜生造句子，借回问的将来时来暗示，主句是一般现在时，从句说的是将来的情况，要排除AD。可别忘了，一般现在时表示经常发生的事情，这里没有这样的语境，没有every year这样的状语修饰这个动词。promise 一般是一次性的，通常是过去时态，就象I said, I told sb. sth.一样。所以这个题句本身是有一点问题的。
这个动词还有promise sb. to do sth.的用法，这个that 从句的that尽管可以省略，但是这里省略也是故意的。给考生的阅读理解，增加一点困难。 
下面是这题的几个变体，供参考：
重庆一中高2010级高三下期第一次月考
(D)  24.—I promise her daughter she         get a nice present on her birthday.
  —Will it be a surprise to her?
  A.should             B.must             C.would         D.shall
封丘一中2009—2010学年高二下期第二次月考试英语卷
（B）  —I promise that she ______ get a nice present on her birthday. —It will be a big 
surprise to her. A．must B．shall C．should D．would
其实，情态动词是最灵话，也最会引起争议的。
这题其实受到了很多人的批评。大学生及英语老师建议去这里看一看：“是he shall 还是he will[旺旺英语论坛]”。中学生就不要去了。按现行考试要求，按老师的要求，这一题就选shall，他们就喜欢考shall的所谓的这种用法，其人称通常是第二、三人称。